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34
Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969); E. C. Amoroso and P. A. Jewell: ‘The Exploitation of the Milk-Ejection Reflex by Primitive People’, у збірці Man and Cattle: Proceedings of the Symposium on Domestication at the Royal Anthropological Institute, 24–26 May 1960, ed. A. E. Mourant and F. E. Zeuner (London: The Royal Anthropological Institute, 1963), 129 – 34.
35
Johannes Nicolaisen, Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg (Copenhagen: National Museum, 1963), 63.
36
Angus Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2006), 636; ‘Historical Estimates of World Population’, US Census Bureau, доступ від 10 грудня 2010 р., http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.
37
Robert B. Mark, The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002), 24.
38
Raymond Westbrook: ‘Old Babylonian Period’, у збірці A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law, vol. 1, ed. Raymond Westbrook (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 361–430; Martha T. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, 2nd ed. (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997), 71 – 142; M. E. J. Richardson, Hammurabi’s Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary (London: T & T Clark International, 2000). Raymond Westbrook: ‘Old Babylonian Period’, у збірці A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law, vol. 1, ed. Raymond Westbrook (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 361–430; Martha T. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, 2nd ed. (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997), 71 – 142; M. E. J. Richardson, Hammurabi’s Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary (London: T & T Clark International, 2000).
39
Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 76.
40
Там само, 121.
41
Там само, 122 – 3.
42
Там само, 133 – 3.
43
Constance Brittaine Bouchard, Strong of Body, Brave and Noble: Chivalry and Society in Medieval France (New York: Cornell University Press, 1998), 99; Mary Martin McLaughlin: ‘Survivors and Surrogates: Children and Parents from the Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries’, у збірці Medieval Family: Perspectives on Marriage, Household and Children, ed. Carol Neel (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), 81 n.; Lise E. Hull, Britain’s Medieval Castles (Westport: Praeger, 2006), 144.
44
Andrew Robinson, The Story of Writing (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995), 63; Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englung, Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East (Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993), 36.
45
Marcia and Robert Ascher, Mathematics of the Incas – Code of the Quipu (New York: Dover Publications, 1981).
46
Gary Urton. Signs of the Inka Khipu (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003); Galen Brokaw. A History of the Khipu (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
47
Навіть після того, як розмовною мовою стала аккадійська, мовою управління, а отже, й мовою письма залишалась шумерська. Відповідно, честолюбні писарі мали говорити шумерською.
48
Stephen D. Houston (ed.), The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 222.
49
Sheldon Pollock: ‘Axialism and Empire’, у збірці Axial Civilisations and World History, ed. Johann P. Arnason, S. N. Eisenstadt and Bjцrn Wittrock (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 397–451.
50
Harold M. Tanner, China: A History (Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co., 2009), 34.
51
Ramesh Chandra, Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India (Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2005); Michael Bamshad et al.: ‘Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Population’, Genome Research 11 (2001): 904 – 1,004; Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
52
Houston, First Writing, 196.
53
The secretary general, United Nations, Report of the Secretary General on the In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence Against Women, delivered to the General Assembly, UN Doc. A/16/122/Add.1 (6 липня, 2006), 89.
54
Sue Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 113 – 29, 132 – 3.
55
Francisco Lуpez de Gуmara, Historia de la Conquista de Mexico, vol. 1, ed. D. Joaquin Ramirez Cabaсes (Mexico City: Editorial Pedro Robredo, 1943), 106.
56
Andrew M. Watson: ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, Economic History Review 20:1 (1967), 11–12; Jasim Alubudi, Repertorio Bibliogrбfico del Islam (Madrid: Vision Libros, 2003), 194.
57
Watson: ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, 17–18.
58
David Graeber, Debt: The First 5,000 Years (Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2011). David Graeber, Debt: The First 5,000 Years (Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2011).
59
Glyn Davies, A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1994), 15.
60
Szymon Laks, Music of Another World, trans. Chester A. Kisiel (Evanston, Ill.: North-western University Press, 1989), 88 – 9. «Ринок» Аушвіцу був не для всіх класів в’язнів, причому час від часу умови різко змінювалися.
61
Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money (New York: The Penguin Press, 2008), 4.
62
Щодо інформації про ячмінні гроші я спирався на неопубліковані кандидатські тези: Refael Benvenisti: ‘Economic Institutions of Ancient Assyrian Trade in the Twentieth to Eighteenth Centuries BC’ (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, unpublished PhD thesis, 2011). Див. також Norman Yoffee: ‘The Economy of Ancient Western Asia’, у збірці Civilisations of the Ancient Near
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